Urban green spaces (UGS) play a crucial role in promoting human health and well-being. This review explores the various physical, mental, and social health benefits associated with UGS, as well as the underlying mechanisms and design implications for urban-planning. UGS provide numerous physical health advantages, such as improved air quality, which reduces respiratory illness and healthcare costs. They also encourage physical activity, helping combat obesity and enhance overall fitness. Mentally, UGS alleviate stress, improve cognitive function, and boost mood, contributing to better psychological well-being of the user. Socially, UGS fosters community engagement, social cohesion, and a sense of place and identity, reducing feelings of isolation. The health benefits of UGS can be attributed to biophilia, stress reduction, and attention restoration. Effective urban planning should ensure the equitable distribution and accessibility of UGS across socioeconomic groups by utilizing GIS, space syntax, and other quantitative methods. Integrating nature-based solutions and creating a network of diverse green spaces can optimize the health-promoting potential of the UGS. This review highlights the multifaceted benefits of UGS and emphasizes the importance of strategic urban planning and design in creating healthier and more resilient cities.
Tigga et al. (Thu,) studied this question.