Abstract Climate-induced disasters are rapidly escalating, yet the global Loss and Damage (L&D) mechanism remains constrained by the absence of robust, evidence-based frameworks for assessing and allocating support. This study introduces the first global map of realised, climate-attributed loss and damage, integrating disaster event data (EM-DAT), attribution science (Fraction of Attributable Risk, FAR), and equity-sensitive indicators to develop a standardised Expected Annual Loss and Damage (EALD) framework. We assess six key impact indicators—deaths, injuries, homelessness, affected population, national economic loss, and per capita economic loss—across 11, 721 climate-related disaster events from 2000 to 2023. Our findings estimate that anthropogenic climate change accounts annually for 89 million people affected, 338, 000 rendered homeless, 122, 000 injured, 26, 700 deaths, and 82. 3 billion in PPP-adjusted economic losses. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, high-income countries also experience significant climate-attributed impacts, while 32 nations emerge as high-risk only under attribution-based metrics. We critique the reductive ranking of “particularly vulnerable” countries as a geopolitical beauty contest and instead propose a dual typology based on compound, absolute, and relative risk. We offer this assessment as a more appropriate entry point for investigating how structural vulnerability and emerging hazards, not historical exposure alone, drive climate injustice. Our results highlight a vast gap between pledged and required L&D finance and call for a justice-centred, attribution-informed framework that reflects the lived realities of affected populations across political boundaries.
Mukherjee et al. (Thu,) studied this question.