Methodological approaches on the location of public service institutions in the rural territorial communities

The standard of living of citizens depends on the level of development of social infrastructure within the territory they inhabit. Improving the living conditions of the population as one of the main tasks of the functioning and development of our country is to ensure proper conditions for the provision of public services regardless of their place of residence. The level of provision of services to residents of rural communities is inferior to the conditions of urban ones, there are problems with access to quality medicine, education, administrative, banking services, etc. Low density and number of population in rural communities increases the economic costs of operating public service institutions, the widespread phenomenon of heterogeneous distribution of settlements on the territory of communities, low level of existing infrastructure, mismatch of demand and supply, etc. This work considers the current methods of calculating the necessary public service based on time availability and maximum service radius, and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. Using QGIS programs and the ORS Tools plugin, we determined and compared the accessibility radii and time availability limits on the example of three secondary education institutions of one of the rural communities of Poltava region. During the study, the optimal dimensions of the pedestrian accessibility zone were obtained. During the scientific search, the concept of the «15-minute city» by C. Moreno, which is based on the idea of ​​«chrono-urbanism», was considered. The types of service establishments were systematized by the scope of services and the degree of publicity of the service based on the research of K. Schittenhelm, M. Rumberg and D. Kurth, taking into account the local features of the organization of public services in Ukraine. H. Yhee, S. Kim and S. Kang, came to the conclusion that it is necessary to determine where the social infrastructure is vulnerable in order to know where to place social infrastructure facilities. To assess the accessibility of the environment, the accessibility index is used. K. Whitten and others created buffer zones along the road network and developed an accessibility index using weight coefficients of facilities inside the buffer zone. A. Malachowski and others calculated the accessibility index by assigning points from 1 to 3 for kindergartens, primary schools and secondary schools. S. Lotfi and M. J. Koohsari divided the accessibility range by distance into three categories: less than 800 m, 800-1200 m and more than 1200 m. The search and development of alternative algorithms and methods for determining the accessibility of public services is currently a relevant task of territorial planning. A methodology for assessing the quality of service using the accessibility index and the feasibility index is proposed, which allows assessing the level of accessibility of services. It is expected that the implementation of this methodology will allow determining the optimal locations of service enterprises both in the structure of a separate settlement and the community as a whole, which in turn will save material resources and time.