The article explores the pressing issues of international legal regulation of information security in the context of the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT), which are significantly transforming the nature of modern global threats. It analyzes the transformation of armed conflicts due to the growing role of informational influence and cyberattacks, which are becoming tools of geopolitical pressure. Particular attention is paid to the complexity of classifying such actions under existing norms of international humanitarian law, international criminal law, and the law of state responsibility. The article reveals the main challenges related to the legal regulation of information conflicts, including difficulties in attributing cyberattacks, the dual (civil and military) nature of ICT, the lack of a clear definition of war in cyberspace, and the legal uncertainty regarding the status of critical digital infrastructure. The article focuses on the existing gaps in international law concerning the prevention, detection, and response to information threats. It emphasizes the urgent need to develop a universal international treaty on cybersecurity that would establish clear rules for the use of information technologies in international relations, ensure accountability of cybercrime actors, and define mechanisms for international cooperation. The key threats to information security are analyzed, including violations of state sovereignty, the misuse of ICT by non-state actors, and the difficulty of identifying the source of attacks. The necessity of forming unified legal approaches to the regulation of the use of force in cyberspace is highlighted, along with the development of preventive tools of international law and the strengthening of collective security mechanisms in the information domain.
Panfilova et al. (Wed,) studied this question.