Wireless Electrotactile System with Hydrogel‐Based Electrodes for Conformal Tactile Interaction

Abstract A wireless epidermal electrotactile interface is demonstrated through integration of skin‐conformal electrodes and flexible circuitry, addressing existing limitations in haptic technology caused by mechanical mismatch and system‐level integration challenges. This electrotactile system achieves low stimulation thresholds (<20 V) through optimized electrode‐skin modulus matching and improved electrochemical interfaces, enabling pain‐free tactile sensation generation across finger pads. The millimeter‐scale architecture incorporates multiplexed stimulation channels that spatially map to ISO‐standard Braille configurations, demonstrating 91.90% alphanumeric recognition accuracy in human trials. Additionally, the system's movement control capabilities are demonstrated for visually impaired users navigating complex environments, enhancing their independence and interaction in daily activities.