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September 10, 2025

Evolving dark energy or dark matter with an evolving equation-of-state?

Key Points

Empirical constraints from DESI, CMB, and supernova data support evolving dark matter with an equation of state.
The equation of state for dark matter can oscillate within the range -1 < w < 1, providing a compelling alternative.
This interpretation avoids issues linked to phantom dark energy, which violates the null energy condition.
The findings highlight a potentially groundbreaking perspective on the nature of dark energy and dark matter.

Abstract

Abstract We show that the latest empirical constraints on cosmology, from a combination of DESI, CMB and supernova data, can be accounted for if a small component of dark matter has an evolving and oscillating equation of state within -1 < w < 1. From a fundamental physics perspective, this interpretation is more appealing than an evolving phantom dark energy with w < -1, which violates the null energy condition.

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Authors

Xingang Chen

Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian

Abraham Loeb

Florida Institute of Technology

Journals

Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

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Evolving dark energy or dark matter with an evolving equation-of-state?

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Abstract

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