What type of study is this?

This is a Cross-Sectional study.

September 10, 2025

Relationships between smoking and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety among medical students: A cross-sectional study in Türkiye

Key Points

Smokers showed significantly worse sleep quality with median PSQI scores of 9 compared to 6 for nonsmokers.
Depression and anxiety scores were also higher in smokers, with BDI and BAI scores of 17 and 15, respectively.
The study involved 273 medical students in Türkiye, comparing those who smoke versus those who do not.
Findings suggest smoking may exacerbate mental health issues and sleep disturbances among medical students.

Abstract

Background: Tobacco consumption continues to be a primary contributor to preventable illness and death globally, especially among young adults. Medical students experience high stress levels and inadequate sleep, potentially increasing tobacco consumption, depression, and anxiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 273 medical students from a A medical school in Türkiye. Data were collected via a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were employed to compare smokers (n=70) and nonsmokers (n=203). Linear regression analyses examined the impact of smoking status on PSQI, BDI, and BAI scores, whereas logistic regression identified predictors of smoking. Results: Overall, 53.1% of the students had tried smoking at least once in their lifetime, and 25.6% reported current tobacco use. Smokers exhibited significantly higher median PSQI (9 vs. 6), BDI (17 vs. 10), and BAI (15 vs. 11) scores (p

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