Dismantling Discrimination: The Journey from Manusmriti to Modern Legal Reforms for Marginalized Groups

The Manusmriti, an ancient Hindu legal text, has profoundly influenced the social and legal landscape of ancient Indian society, particularly in shaping the status of Shudras and women. This study explores the evolution of the legal and social status of these marginalized groups from the Manusmriti era to the Indian Constitution, conscripted under the guidance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Through a historical and comparative analysis, the research examines the discriminatory prescriptions of the Manusmriti and contrasts them with the progressive constitutional provisions that guarantee rights and equality. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing primary sources such as Manusmriti texts, historical documents, and Ambedkar's writings, alongside secondary sources including scholarly articles and books. The findings highlight the significant shift from the hierarchical and discriminatory social order prescribed in the Manusmriti to the egalitarian principles preserved in the Ambedkar-led Constitution. However, the study also acknowledges the persistent gap between constitutional ideals and social realities, as deeply ingrained cultural attitudes and practices continue to perpetuate discrimination against Shudras and women in various spheres of life. The research underscores the ongoing challenges in bridging this divide and the critical role of education, economic empowerment, and social movements in furthering the cause of equality. The study subsidizes to the understanding of the complex interplay between religious doctrine, social norms, and legal frameworks in shaping the lives of marginalized communities in India, while emphasizing the enduring importance of Ambedkar's vision in the pursuit of social justice