ABSTRACT: This study aims to investigate the risks associated with international migration from rural Bangladesh. Over the years, migration for remittance purposes has emerged as a critical livelihood strategy for rural communities across the country. However, migrants, particularly those with low skill levels, encounter numerous challenges both at home and abroad. Using a case study approach, the study selected two geographically distant districts, Mymensingh and Meherpur, to capture variations in migration practices, risks, and dispute-resolution mechanisms. Following consultations with local key informants, three villages with high migration activity were identified for fieldwork. Employing a mixed-method research design, the study combined quantitative and qualitative approaches to achieve a comprehensive understanding of migration challenges. Findings reveal that local middlemen are a major source of migration risks, often delaying processes, misrepresenting job conditions, and exaggerating expected salaries. Additional risks include difficulties adapting to new locations and psychological stress experienced by migrants and their families. While families are often mentally prepared to face such challenges, the multilayered recruitment system hinders many from fully benefiting from migration. Despite these challenges, households employ informal strategies to address hurdles, as the perceived benefits of remittances outweigh the associated costs. Based on the findings, this study put forward some policy recommendations. The Ministry of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment of Bangladesh should focus on regulating and monitoring recruitment processes to eliminate exploitation by middlemen. Bringing middlemen under a robust legal framework is essential to enhance accountability. Strengthening and expanding the scope of existing government recruitment agencies can reduce migration costs, as well as curb deception and delays. Disseminating accurate and accessible migration information on a wider scale can empower migrant households to make informed and prudent decisions regarding migration investments. Support programs for migrants and their families, including more pre-departure training and counseling, can improve adaptability and mitigate psychological stress. Strengthening local dispute-resolution mechanisms and advocating for destination countries to adhere to migration-related international conventions, charters, and treaties are essential for ensuring migrant safety. Reducing migration risks and costs is critical for promoting inclusive migration, ultimately contributing to inclusive and sustainable development.
Uddin et al. (Sun,) studied this question.