Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology stands as a central pillar in the global shift toward renewable energy. However, its large-scale deployment continues to be hindered by notable technical and economic constraints. This critical review traces the historical evolution and technological advancement of PV systems, emphasizing key innovations across various photovoltaic cell types such as crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, perovskites, and organic materials. Both off-grid and grid-connected PV configurations are examined, including their operational principles and economic implications. Beginning with the 1839 discovery of the photovoltaic effect, the review highlights transformative innovations like high-efficiency multi-junction cells, bifacial modules, solar-integrated roofing (solar shingles), transparent panels, and photovoltaic applications in hydrogen generation. Through a comprehensive analysis of contemporary literature, recent breakthroughs, and industry developments, the review identifies persistent barriers to PV adoption—ranging from efficiency limitations and elevated upfront costs to integration challenges within existing power infrastructures. The findings suggest that although considerable progress has been achieved, sustained research efforts, robust policy frameworks, and market-driven strategies are crucial for optimizing performance, minimizing costs, and ensuring the seamless incorporation of PV technologies into the global energy landscape.
Muhammad et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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