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September 17, 2025

Olfactory bulb volume and cerebral connectivity of post-viral (COVID-19) smell loss patients: preliminary results of APOLLO trial

Key Points

No differences were found in cerebral connectivity between anosmic and hyposmic patients, suggesting similarity in brain function.
The inter-observer agreement for manual olfactory bulb segmentation was satisfactory, indicating reliable measurement procedures.
The study explored the effectiveness of vitamin-A nasal drops on regaining olfaction in post-infectious patients after COVID-19.
Interim analysis of baseline scans establishes a foundation for ongoing assessments and possible broader applications of findings.

Abstract

Motivation: Post-infectious olfactory disfunction (PIOD) came into light after COVID-19 pandemic. Many survivors have either completely or partially lost their smell sense. We recently completed APOLLO trial, which explores the effectiveness of vitamin-A nasal drops in regaining olfaction for PIOD patients Goal(s): To investigate into the primary outcome of APOLLO trial: olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and two secondary outcomes: structural and functional cerebral connectivity. Approach: We investigated the inter-observer agreement for manual OB segmentation; also, explored difference in connectivity between anosmic and hyposmic brains. Results: The inter-observer agreement was satisfactory; no differences were found in the cerebral connectivity of anosmic and hyposmic cohort. Impact: Interim analysis results on baseline scans of APOLLO trial's olfactory disorder patients indicate their suitability to be extended for entire cohort. This study establishes the basis for currently ongoing APOLLO analysis.

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