This research investigates the role of multilateralism in addressing the Kosovo-Serbia conflict, emphasizing the involvement of international mediators such as the European Union (EU), the United States, United Nations (UN) and NATO. Using process-tracing methodology the study evaluates the evolution of international mediation efforts focusing on the Brussels Agreement (2013) and the Ohrid Agreement (2023). The study aims to identify both the successes and limitations of multilateral diplomacy in resolving this historically entrenched and geopolitically sensitive conflict. Through a comprehensive evaluation of multilateral negotiations, the paper assesses the impact of international diplomacy, third-party interventions, and the critical role of local ownership in fostering sustainable peace. The findings suggest that while multilateralism plays a crucial role in providing platforms for dialogue and fostering cooperation, the effectiveness of these efforts is often hindered by competing national interests, historical grievances, and the complex political dynamics within the Balkans. The study highlights that external mediation alone is insufficient for achieving sustainable peace, as the success of peace agreements depends on local ownership in peacebuilding processes, institutional reforms, and long-term commitment to implementation, as external actors alone cannot ensure sustainable peace. The findings underscore the necessity of an inclusive and long-term conflict resolution strategy, integrating local, regional, and global stakeholders to address underlying tensions, build trust, and implement institutional reforms for enduring peace in Southeast Europe.
Jetnor Kasmi (Wed,) studied this question.