In order to trace the historical development and transformation of words, it is essential to analyze written monuments from each historical period in chronological order. This study examines six works composed in Khwarezm Turkic—a branch of the Turkic language spoken between the 12th and 14th centuries—and identifies lexical items that denote direction and orientation. The primary focus is on lexical units that use human body parts as a basis for expressing spatial relations and directionality. Drawing on written sources of the period, the research investigates how lexical items related to body parts (e.g., forehead, mouth, back, head, hand, arm, etc.) were employed both literally and metaphorically to express notions of space and direction. These words, based on different parts of the body and their spatial relationships, were utilized by people to conceptualize and communicate directional and spatial understanding. The study aims to track the semantic evolution of these lexical units and examine how they have been used from Old Turkic to the modern period. The findings reveal that the association of spatial concepts with human body parts is a cognitive phenomenon and demonstrate the enduring linguistic and conceptual significance of such terms throughout the development of the Turkic languages.
A. Mammadova (Wed,) studied this question.