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The continuous expansion of the vehicle fleet contributes to escalating emissions, with the transportation sector accounting for approximately 21% of CO2 emissions, based on 2023 data. Focused on reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, the study observes the shift from internal combustion vehicles to electric and hybrid models since 2017. Despite advancements, these vehicles still lack optimal efficiency and suffer from limited range, deterring potential buyers. This article aims to evaluate the range-extending technologies for electric vehicles, emphasizing efficiency, low pollution, and integration compatibility. An algorithm incorporating equations representing mechanical or electrical component curves is developed for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles, facilitating insight into potential range extender behavior. The core objectives of this study involve optimizing the entire powertrain system to ensure peak efficiency. Experimental tests demonstrate that integrating an auxiliary power unit enhances range, with an internal combustion engine generator configuration extending the travel distance by 35.35% at a constant speed. Moreover, with the use of an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy control, the distance traveled increases up to 39.28% on standard driving cycles. The proposed methodology, validated through practical implementations, allows for comprehensive energy analyses, providing a precise understanding of vehicle platform performance with integrated range extenders.
Puma-Benavides et al. (Fri,) studied this question.