Some Insights Into Three-Dimensional Modeling of Tunnel Excavation

For today's demands in underground infrastructure, geotechnical considerations are gaining prominence, emphasizing the resolution of complex problems through numerical modeling and soil-structure interaction analysis.There is a clear trend shifting away from two-dimensional (2-D) plane strain or axisymmetric idealizations to the comprehensive analysis of full three-dimensional (3-D) models.However, despite the inclination towards 3-D modeling of tunnels, establishing a realistic 3-D model for this purpose remains a timeconsuming process.This typically involves multiple iterative and incremental phases, essential for gaining deeper insights into the three-dimensional nature of the problem.Beyond selecting an appropriate constitutive soil model, realistically finite element modeling and accurate simulation of the tunneling process are of paramount importance.This study focuses on the development of a practical full 3-D model and simulation of the Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shield tunneling process using the finite element code PLAXIS 3D.The numerical model incorporates tunnel boring machine driving data recorded during tunnel construction and is validated through back-analysis of field measurements of tunneling-induced ground surface settlements.The findings demonstrate that numerical simulation can realistically reproduce the main characteristics of EPB shield tunneling.The study recommends adopting non-linear face pressures with depth based on the analysis of tunneling data.Regarding grouting pressure, an effectively linear distributed pressure may be considered, accounting for the grout weight and the increase of soil stresses with depth.This validated numerical framework provides valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners to construct more efficient, reliable, and accurate 3-D models.