Women's empowerment is a key driver of inclusive and sustainable development, particularly in rural India, where women continue to face systemic barriers in access to education, healthcare, financial services, and decision-making opportunities. Although women have made notable progress in education, employment, and political participation, many continue to face structural barriers in accessing economic resources, healthcare, and decision-making opportunities. This review paper explores the critical role played by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs) in advancing women's empowerment across the country. NGOs have contributed significantly by advocating for women’s rights, facilitating skill development, and improving access to public welfare programs. SHGs, supported by government initiatives like the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), have emerged as a robust model for financial inclusion, collective action, and social capital formation among rural women. FPOs, particularly women-led or gender-inclusive ones, have further enabled women farmers to access markets, enhance incomes, and strengthen their role in the agricultural value chain. The paper synthesises findings from previous research, government reports, and case studies to highlight the achievements, challenges, and future potential of these institutional mechanisms. It concludes that a synergistic approach involving NGOs, SHGs, and FPOs is essential for scaling women's empowerment and recommends policy support, capacity building, and inclusive governance to strengthen these grassroots platforms. Policymakers, donors, private players, and communities must work collaboratively to create gender-responsive, scalable, and resilient rural institutions that place women at the centre of India’s development journey.
Jha et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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