Identification of Potential Inhibitors from Medicinal Plant-based Phytochemicals for the Influential C4 Target of Diabetic Retinopathy by Molecular Docking Studies

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of vision failure in diabetic patients, and the current treatment involves the practice of glucocorticoids or VEGF antagonists that are “off-label”. A few small organic molecules against DR were discovered many years ago. Nutraceuticals are naturally available functional foods that endorse different health benefits, including vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids that can defer the development of some diseases. Methods: Numerous studies reported that nutraceuticals encourage multiple therapeutic benefits and provide protection against various diseases. In diabetes, nutraceuticals contribute to improving insulin sensitivity, metabolism regulation, and lower hyperglycemia. The major aim of this study is to discover the most active drug from natural or plant sources. In this work, 42 phytochemical constituents from 4 kinds of plants were docked with the C4 target of diabetic retinopathy by an in silico molecular docking study. Results: According to the binding energy, all the phytoconstituents possessed good to high attraction towards the target, and 6 phytochemicals, such as terchebulin, punicalagin, chebulagic acid, casuarinin, punicalin, and pedunculagin, disclosed superior binding energy towards the target than standard ruboxistaurin via the interactions of conventional hydrogen bonding, pi-alkyl interactions, etc. Molecular dynamic simulation studies further established the stability of the phytoconstituents, and ADMET studies proved the safety profile of these phytoconstituents. Conclusion: Hence, the current study suggested that the phytochemicals from various herbs inhibit the C4 target of diabetic retinopathy and can be utilized as lead compounds to develop analogs or repurposed for the treatment of DR.