Non-active anodes based on boron-doped diamond, PbO2 and SnO2-Sb for anodic oxidation of water contaminants: Synthesis, properties, and recent advances

Advanced oxidation processes are widely recognized for their exceptional capability to degrade organic pollutants in contaminated water. Among these, anodic oxidation (AO) stands out as a potent technique for oxidizing pollutants by generating hydroxyl radicals on the anode or producing oxidants in the solution. The efficiency of AO significantly relies on the choice of anode material, which must facilitate the formation of high density of reactive species necessary for effective pollutant degradation. Additionally, the durability and resistance of the anode material to oxidative degradation are critical for maintaining sustained performance. Therefore, selecting the appropriate anode material is pivotal in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of the AO process. In this review, we focus on three promising electrode materials for AO: boron-doped diamond (BDD), PbO2, and SnO2-Sb. Our objective is to provide a concise overview of the preparation methods for these materials in AO applications and to highlight how each step influences the final structure and properties of the electrodes. Additionally, we summarize the strengths and limitations of each material, emphasizing key considerations when working with BDD, PbO2, and SnO2-Sb. Finally, drawing from recent literature, we propose emerging approaches for these materials that could enhance their effectiveness in wastewater treatment.