Racial and Ethnic Underserved Populations Prescription Analgesic Use Before and After Lower Extremity Amputation in US Medicare

BACKGROUND: Racial disparities exist in access to health care and management of multiple health conditions including chronic pain; however, racial disparities in pre- and postoperative pain management in lower extremity amputation are not well-studied. Our objective was to examine the association between different racial and ethnic groups and prescription opioid and other analgesics use before and after lower extremity amputation. We hypothesize prescription opioid and other analgesic use among Black, Hispanic, and Native American US Medicare beneficiaries undergoing lower extremity amputations will be lower compared to White US Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included a 5% national sample of all Medicare beneficiaries from 2011 to 2015 and 15% national sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2016 to 2018 undergoing nontraumatic, lower extremity amputations. The exposure of interest was racial and ethnic group membership (ie, Black, Hispanic, Native American, White, and others—with others being the combination of the categories Asian and other) as provided in Medicare claims data. Using multivariable generalized estimating equations with a logistic link to account for repeated measurements over time, we estimated the odds of prescription opioid use within 6 months before and after lower extremity amputation across different racial and ethnic groups separately, adjusting for sociodemographic and health status factors (eg, Elixhauser index). Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported. RESULTS: Among 16,068 eligible beneficiaries who underwent major and minor amputations (mean age = 65.1 ± 12.7 years; female = 36.1%), 10,107 (62.9%) were White, 3462 (21.5%) were Black, 1959 (12.2%) were Hispanic, 247 (1.5%) were Native American, and 151 (2.9%) were beneficiaries of other races. During the 6 months before lower extremity amputation, Hispanic beneficiaries (aOR, 0.71, 95% CI, 0.65–0.78) and beneficiaries of other races (aOR, 0.60, 95% CI, 0.47–0.76) had significantly lower odds of using prescription opioids compared to White beneficiaries. Similarly, Hispanic beneficiaries (aOR, 0.78, 95% CI, 0.71–0.84) and beneficiaries of other races (aOR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.51–0.78) were associated with lower odds of opioid use in the 6 months after amputation compared to White beneficiaries. CONCLUSIONS: Among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, Hispanic and other (eg, Asian) fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries had lower odds of prescription opioid use than their White counterparts before and after nontraumatic, lower extremity amputations. Efforts to determine the underlying reasons are needed to ensure equitable health care access.