Systematic Literature Review of Risk Assessment Techniques, Standard and Guidelines for Railway

Railways are a mode of public transportation that can carry large numbers of passengers and commodities and can cover long distances quickly. Based on these advantages, the railway is a mode of transportation that is in great demand by people as their choice of transportation. Thus, this will increase the intensity and frequency of departures, thereby triggering opportunities for errors to occur that threaten passengers' safety. Currently, the paper needs to present risk assessment activities in railways comprehensively. This paper will systematically review the literature on risk management concepts, risk assessment techniques, standards, and guidelines for risk management in railways. It also groups the literature to provide directions and recommendations for distances that future researchers can examine. This study encompasses a review of 60 publications on risk management, risk assessment, and risk analysis in railways from reputable and highly indexed journals over the last ten years. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted on the characteristics of models, methods, and techniques proposed in railway risk assessment. Several countries' standards, regulations, and guidelines on railway safety will also be described. The number of studies examining risk assessment at level crossings is minimal, whereas most accidents occur in this area. Many countries have legislation and guidelines but are still general and do not detail risk assessment activities in areas with a high level of risk.