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Integration of resilience thinking and systems approaches with nature-based tourism (NBT) planning to address the uncertainties and the dynamic complexities of the twenty-first century. It highlights the inadequacy of conventional planning methods to address the challenges faced by NBT, emphasizing the need for adaptive management and sustainable development practices. The study proposes a comprehensive resilience framework that includes three foundational elements: governance flexibility, a culture of learning, and financial support for resilience initiatives. Additionally, it outlines six actionable strategies to enhance resilience in NBT planning, such as acknowledging inherent turbulence, embracing systems thinking, and fostering adaptive pathways. Through a synthesis of classical and contemporary literature, this manuscript contributes novel insights and practical guidance for incorporating resilience into NBT planning, offering a path forward for sustaining tourism in the face of global disruptions and local challenges.
McCool et al. (Tue,) studied this question.