Do farmers prefer result-based, hybrid or practice-based agri-environmental schemes?

Abstract This study examines farmers’ preferences for practice-based, result-based and hybrid agri-environmental schemes in three countries through a choice experiment conducted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, focusing on biodiversity, climate and water quality. The results reveal that, in general, farmers tend to prefer practice-based schemes for water quality or climate change mitigation goals over hybrid or result-based schemes. Moreover, the study indicates that only a limited number of hybrid schemes are both preferred by farmers and more socially beneficial compared to equivalent practice- or result-based schemes. These conclusions are further reinforced by a cost-benefit analysis.