International Legal Regulation of Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS): Focusing on the London Protocol

This study explores the international regulatory and cooperation frameworks for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology as a key technology for achieving carbon neutrality. Since the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in 2016, the world has been making various efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality, with CCS emerging as one of the most important technologies in this endeavor. CCS is a technology that reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by safely storing captured carbon dioxide underground, playing an essential role, particularly in hard-to-abate industrial sectors. The study examines the concept of CCS and recent trends, and analyzes the regulatory developments related to CCS under the London Protocol for the protection of the marine environment. Specifically, it reviews the legal basis for CCS technology established through the 2006 and 2009 amendments to the London Protocol and the specific regulations governing the injection of CO2 streams into sub-seabed geological formations. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for agreements and accords to strengthen international cooperation and clarifies compliance conditions such as reporting requirements to the International Maritime Organization (IMO). In conclusion, the London Protocol aims to protect the marine environment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through requirements related to the composition of CO2 streams, assessment procedures, international cooperation, permit issuance, and reporting procedures. This regulatory framework makes a significant contribution to the international community's response to climate change, and it is expected that safe and effective CCS projects will be promoted through continued international cooperation. This study aims to contribute to establishing a regulatory foundation for the efficient operation and environmental protection of such international CCS projects.