Increased sensitivity of malaria parasites to common antimalaria drugs after the introduction of artemether-lumefantrine: Implication of policy change and implementation of more effective drugs in fight against malaria

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Plasmodium falciparum multi-drug resistance protein 1 ( Pfmrp1 ) gene have previously been reported to confer resistance to Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) in Southeast Asia. A total of 300 samples collected from six sites between 2008 and 2019 under an ongoing malaria drug sensitivity patterns in Kenya study were evaluated for the presence of SNPs at Pfmrp1 gene codons: H191Y, S437A, I876V, and F1390I using the Agena MassARRAY® platform. Each isolate was further tested against artemisinin (ART), lumefantrine (LU), amodiaquine (AQ), mefloquine (MQ), quinine (QN), and chloroquine (CQ) using malaria the SYBR Green I-based method to determine their in vitro drug sensitivity. Of the samples genotyped, polymorphism at Pfmrp1 codon I876V was the most frequent, with 59.3% (163/275) mutants, followed by F1390I, 7.2% (20/278), H191Y, 4.0% (6/151), and S437A, 3.3% (9/274). A significant decrease in median 50% inhibition concentrations (IC 50 s) and interquartile range (IQR) was noted; AQ from 2.996 ng/ml IQR = 2.604–4.747, n = 51 in 2008 to 1.495 ng/ml IQR = 0.7134–3.318, n = 40 ( P <0.001) in 2019, QN from 59.64 ng/ml IQR = 29.88–80.89, n = 51 in 2008 to 18.10 ng/ml IQR = 11.81–26.92, n = 42 ( P <0.001) in 2019, CQ from 35.19 ng/ml IQR = 16.99–71.20, n = 30 in 2008 to 6.699 ng/ml IQR = 4.976–9.875, n = 37 ( P <0.001) in 2019, and ART from 2.680 ng/ml IQR = 1.608–4.857, n = 57 in 2008 to 2.105 ng/ml IQR = 1.266–3.267, n = 47 ( P = 0.0012) in 2019, implying increasing parasite sensitivity to the drugs over time. However, no significant variations were observed in LU ( P = 0.2692) and MQ ( P = 0.0939) respectively, suggesting stable parasite responses over time. There was no statistical significance between the mutation at 876 and parasite sensitivity to selected antimalarials tested, suggesting stable sensitivity for the parasites with 876V mutations. These findings show that Kenyan parasite strains are still sensitive to AQ, QN, CQ, ART, LU, and MQ. Despite the presence of Pfmrp1 mutations in parasites among the population.