Mineralogy and Origin of Vein Wolframite Mineralization from the Pohled Quarry, Havlíčkův Brod Ore District, Czech Republic: Interaction of Magmatic and Basinal Fluids

Mineralogy and formation conditions were studied in a newly found vein wolframite mineralization, cutting migmatitized paragneisses in the exocontact of a small Carboniferous granite body in the Pohled quarry, Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic. The early stage of the rich mineral assemblage (36 mineral species) involves wolframite, columbite-group minerals, molybdenite, and scheelite hosted by quartz–muscovite–chlorite gangue, which was followed by base-metal sulfides in a quartz gangue, whereas the last stage included calcite gangue with fluorite and minor sulfides. The mineral assemblage points to the mobility of usually hardly soluble elements, including W, Sn, Zr, Nb, Th, Ti, Sc, Y, and REEs. A fluid inclusion study indicates a significant decrease in homogenization temperatures from 350–370 °C to less than 100 °C during vein formation. Fluids were aqueous, with a low salinity (0–12 wt. % NaCl eq.) and traces of CO2, N2, CH4, H2, and C2H6. The δ18O values of the fluids giving rise to quartz and scheelite are positive (min. 4‰–6‰ V-SMOW). The Eh and pH of the fluid also changed during evolution of the vein. Both wolframite and columbite-group minerals are anomalously enriched in Mg. We suggest that the origin of this distinct mineralization was related to the mixing of Mo,W-bearing granite-derived magmatic fluids with external basinal waters derived from contemporaneous freshwater (but episodically evaporated) piedmont basins. The basinal waters infiltrated into the subsurface along fractures formed in the extensional tectonic regime, and their circulation continued even after the ending of the activity of magmatic fluids. The studied wolframite mineralization represents the most complete record of the ‘hydrothermal’ history of a site adjacent to a cooling granite body in the study area. Moreover, there are broad similarities in the mineral assemblages, textures, and chemical compositions of individual minerals from other occurrences of wolframite mineralization around the Central Moldanubian Plutonic Complex, pointing to the genetic similarities of the Variscan wolframite-bearing veins in this area.