Stiffening of the human proximal pulmonary artery with increasing age

Adverse effects of large artery stiffening are well established in the systemic circulation; stiffening of the proximal pulmonary artery (PPA) and its sequelae are poorly understood. We combined in vivo (n = 6) with ex vivo data from cadavers (n = 8) and organ donors (n = 13), ages 18 to 89, to assess whether aging of the PPA associates with changes in distensibility, biaxial wall strain, wall thickness, vessel diameter, and wall composition. Aging exhibited significant negative associations with distensibility and cyclic biaxial strain of the PPA (p ≤ 0.05), with decreasing circumferential and axial strains of 20% and 7%, respectively, for every 10 years after 50. Distensibility associated directly with diffusion capacity of the lung (R2 = 0.71, p = 0.03). Axial strain associated with right ventricular ejection fraction (R2 = 0.76, p = 0.02). Aging positively associated with length of the PPA (p = 0.004) and increased luminal caliber (p = 0.05) but showed no significant association with mean wall thickness (1.19 mm, p = 0.61) and no significant differences in the proportions of mural elastin and collagen (p = 0.19) between younger (50) ex vivo samples. We conclude that age-related stiffening of the PPA differs from that of the aorta; microstructural remodeling, rather than changes in overall geometry, may explain age-related stiffening.