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In this paper, we study an uplink reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, where the RIS simultaneously acts as a passive reflector for a user's quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) OFDM signal and an information source which sends information through spatial modulation of the reflected signal. We present a maximum-likelihood (ML) detector for the detection of RIS signals and analyze the error probability theoretically. We derive closed-form expressions of the error probability for the detection of RIS signals for the special case of flat-fading channels. Then we analyze the error probability of the detection of user's signals. Analysis indicates that faulty detection of RIS signal results in channel estimation errors, consequently compromising the precision of OFDM signal detection. High correlation between code words limits the error propagation to the user but decreases accuracy for RIS signal's detection. Addressing this, an index modulation with beamforming (IM-BF) code is proposed to enhance the transmission for the user, and a quadrature reflection modulation with beamforming (QRM-BF) code is proposed for a performance trade-off between the user and the RIS. Simulation results demonstrate the theoretical results, and show that the QRM-BF code has better performance for the RIS transmission, and both schemes outperform benchmark schemes from the literature for the user's transmission. Simulation results also show that the IM-BF scheme significantly improves the user transmission performance compared to the state of the art.
Zhang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.