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The analytical study of the processes of thinking and awareness of reality is positioned as an actualized psychological direction in linguistics, which arose as a result of the logical transformation of traditional logicism and formalism in the course of the development of speech activity. The purpose of the article is to study the epistemologically oriented conceptual model of cognitive-semantic universals in related languages. In the course of the study, it was found that the previous historical stage was characterized by ignoring the influence of psychophysiological aspects. It has been determined that in the process of transformation the phenomenon of language is interpreted as a reflection of the psychological concept and spiritual activity. It is proved that the cognitive paradigm made it possible to explain the thinking processes that occur during the production of speech with the advent of the cognitive paradigm in linguistics. It is suggested that from a universal point of view, any conceptual area can be studied with the help of elementary concepts. The study has shown that from the standpoint of cognitive grammar, grammatical categories have corresponding prototypical structures. The sphere of conceptual functionality of modern cognitive semantics is distinguished. The cognitive-semantic universality of the basic main category is stated. It is proved that the epistemologically oriented conceptual model of cognitive-semantic universals in related languages is represented by such processes in the lexical composition of a word as generalization (transition from the concrete to the abstract general), narrowing (dynamics from the abstract to the specialized), degradation (depreciation) and polarization (opposition). Promising directions for further scientific research on the subject of the study are actualized, namely, conducting cognitive research that accurately explains the universal conceptual processes occurring in semantics.
Balaban et al. (Tue,) studied this question.