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Abstract Settlement problems caused by various traffic loads significantly impact infrastructure sustainability. Accurately predicting the long-term settlement of subgrade is crucial for improving infrastructure resilience. This study determined the element strain of soil using an explicit strain model, based on the bounding surface model and associated flow rules. Using the method of generalized shear strain equivalent, a cyclic cumulative factor is proposed for determining the magnitude of cumulative strain increment. The direction of plastic strain increment was determined using the bounding surface model combined with associated flow rules. A cumulative strain calculation method integrating the bounding surface and explicit strain models under general stress states was established. This computational method, combined with equivalent finite elements, can be used for calculating the long-term settlement of three-dimensional subgrade under numerous cyclic loads at general stress states through a user-defined subroutine provided by the commercial finite element modeling (FEM) software. The reliability of the method was verified through unit tests.
Huang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.