Advanced optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy for comprehensive characterization of microplastics from intravenous fluid delivery systems

Growing attention is being directed towards exploring the potential harmful effects of microplastic (MP) particles on human health. Previous reports on human exposure to MPs have primarily focused on inhalation, ingestion, transdermal routes, and, potentially, transplacental transfer. The intravenous transfer of MP particles in routine healthcare settings has received limited exploration in existing literature. Standard hospital IV system set up with 0.9 % NaCl in a laminar flow hood with MP contamination precautions. Various volumes of 0.9 % NaCl passed through the system, some with a volumetric pump. Fluid filtered with Anodisc filters washed with isopropyl alcohol. The IV cannula was immersed in Mili-Q water for 72 h to simulate vein conditions. Subsequently, the water was filtered and washed. Optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microspectroscopy is used to examine filters for MP particles. All filters examined from the IV infusion system contained MP particles, including MPs from the polymer materials used in the manufacture of the IV delivery systems (polydimethylsiloxane, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride) and MP particles arising from plastic resin additives (epoxy resin, polyamide resin, and polysiloxane-containing MPs). The geometric mean from the extrapolated result data indicated that approximately 0.90 MP particles per ml of 0.9 % NaCl solution can be administered through a conventional IV infusion system in the absence of a volumetric pump. However, with the implementation of a pump, this value may increase to 1.57 particles per ml. Notably, over 72 h, a single cannula was found to release approximately 558 MP particles including polydimethylsiloxane, polysiloxane-containing MPs, polyamide resin, and epoxy resin. Routine IV infusion systems release microplastics. MP particles are also released around IV cannulas, suggesting transfer into the circulatory system during standard IV procedures.