Antimicrobial Gene Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases Escherichia coli from Human Clinical Isolates in North India

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an extensive public health problem due to the rapid increase in the population of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Escherichia coli, a common bacterial pathogen, has demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of beta- lactamase enzymes. Understanding the genetic diversity and co-carriages of β-lactamase genes in E. coli is essential for developing effective strategies to combat AMR. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive molecular characterization of beta-lactamase E. coli isolates collected from clinical in the northern Indian region. To find and categorize beta-lactamase genes, 210 E. coli isolates were submitted for phenotypic and genotypic investigation. Different beta-lactamase gene variations were detected using DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). They were further characterized on the basis of antimicrobial gene profile. The present study findings revealed a diverse range of beta-lactamase gene variants in the E. coli isolates, including SHV, TEM, and CTX-M types. Importantly, we seen a greatexistence of extended-spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL)-making the strains of E. coli, indicating the growing concern of ESBL-mediated resistance in the region.Antimicrobial gene profile revealed tetA present in 53.22% of isolates whereas tetBis present in 32.24% isolates Similarly Sul1 and Sul2 is present in 8.1% and 16.52% respectively.None of the isolates showed the presence of Dfrlaand AadA genes. This research provides valuable awareness of the molecular epidemiology of beta-lactamase gene variants in E. coli in the northern Indian part, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to curb the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Understanding the genetic diversity and mechanisms of resistance is crucial for the development of effective antibiotic stewardship programs and the design of novel therapeutic approaches to combat AMR in this region.