Programmed Heterocycle Synthesis Using Halomucononitriles as Pyridinimine Precursors

Herein we report a method to convert primary amines, ubiquitous motifs found in pharmaceutical libraries, to either imidazo1,2-apyridines or 7-alkyl azaindoles in two steps from known compounds. Using halomucononitrile reagents, we can directly access 5-bromo-6-imino-1-alkyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbonitriles (pyridinimines) in a single step from primary amines (25–93% yield) through the cyclization of transient aminomucononitrile intermediates. We then demonstrate that these compounds can be readily converted to 7-alkylazaindoles using Sonogashira cross-coupling conditions (13 examples, up to 91% yield). Under oxidative conditions, the pyridinimines serve as directing groups for C–H functionalization reactions to afford imidazo1,2-apyridines. We also studied the mechanism of the cyclization event using DFT calculations and propose that this takes place via sequential base-mediated E/Z isomerization and cyclization steps.