Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The Making of U. S. Racial Policing, 1845 to the 1920s - Matthew Guariglia. Police and the Empire City: Race and the Origins of Modern Policing in New York. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2023. 280 pp. 24. 95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-4780-2540-5. - Volume 23 Issue 2
Elaine Frantz (Mon,) studied this question.