Multitasking practice eliminates modality-based interference by separating task representations in sensory brain regions

Abstract The debate on the neural basis of multitasking costs evolves around neural overlap between concurrently performed tasks. Recent evidence suggests that training-related reductions in representational overlap in fronto-parietal brain regions predict multitasking improvements. Cognitive theories assume that overlap of task representations may lead to unintended information exchange between tasks (i.e., crosstalk). Modality-based crosstalk was suggested as a source for multitasking costs in multisensory settings. Robust findings of increased costs for certain modality mappings may be explained by crosstalk between the stimulus modality in one task and sensory action consequences in the concurrently performed task. Whether modality-based crosstalk emerges from representational overlap in general fronto-parietal multitasking regions or modality-specific regions is not known yet. In this functional neuroimaging study, we investigate neural overlap in multitasking performance, focusing on modality compatibility by employing multivariate pattern analysis and modality-specific practice interventions in three groups (total N = 54). We observed significant differences between modality compatible and modality incompatible single-task representations, specifically in the auditory cortex but not in fronto-parietal regions. Notably, improved auditory decoding accuracy related to modality incompatible tasks was predictive of performance gains in the corresponding dual task along with complete elimination of modality-specific dual-task costs. This predictive relationship was evident only in the group practicing modality incompatible mappings, suggesting that specific practice on task sets with modality overlap influenced both neural representations and subsequent multitasking performance. This study contributes to the integration of cognitive theory and neuroscience and the role of task representations in dual-task interference. Significance In a society dominated by multitasking, understanding its neurocognitive basis and plasticity is crucial for key aspects of work-related and everyday tasks. We investigate the neural mechanisms behind multitasking limitations, offering insights for targeted cognitive interventions. The study builds upon established theories of cognitive multitasking and imaging research, addressing the concept of modality-based crosstalk - the unintended exchange of modality-based information between tasks. Through functional brain imaging and pattern analysis, we examined how neural task representations contribute to performance costs in dual tasks with varying degrees of modality overlap. Notably, our findings demonstrate a practice-related decrease in neural overlap which is associated with substantial multitasking improvements, specifically in the auditory cortex, emphasizing the contribution of sensory regions to flexible multidimensional task representations.