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The article analyzes the legislative and law enforcement practice of countries such as Germany and Italy in terms of criminalizing the facts of doping in sports. The aim of the authors is to study the national German and Italian experience as representatives of the Romano-German legal family in terms of improving the mechanisms for combating the use of prohibited means and methods, determining intent and bringing to justice. According to the results of the study, the authors concluded that criminal liability mainly occurs for intentional violation of anti-doping rules, while the burden of proof lies on law enforcement agencies experiencing great difficulties in proving intent, including due to limited knowledge in the field of sports law and training /competition processes.
Antseliovich et al. (Sun,) studied this question.