Leveraging large language models to foster equity in healthcare

Abstract Objectives Large language models (LLMs) are poised to change care delivery, but their impact on health equity is unclear. While marginalized populations have been historically excluded from early technology developments, LLMs present an opportunity to change our approach to developing, evaluating, and implementing new technologies. In this perspective, we describe the role of LLMs in supporting health equity. Materials and Methods We apply the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) research framework to explore the use of LLMs for health equity. Results We present opportunities for how LLMs can improve health equity across individual, family and organizational, community, and population health. We describe emerging concerns including biased data, limited technology diffusion, and privacy. Finally, we highlight recommendations focused on prompt engineering, retrieval augmentation, digital inclusion, transparency, and bias mitigation. Conclusion The potential of LLMs to support health equity depends on making health equity a focus from the start.