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Railway systems play a pivotal role in modern transportation networks, contributing to both efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study investigated the multifaceted aspects of wear phenomena in railway engineering, focusing on their significant implications for environmental costs and operational efficiency. Experimental trials were conducted using a high-performance bi-disc apparatus, evaluating a range of materials, contact pressures, and lubrication conditions. Shakedown maps were employed to assess ratcheting behaviour, while the wear rate was analysed as a function of the fatigue index (FI). The results reveal the intricate interplay of contact pressure, slip ratio, material properties, and lubrication in determining wear and ratcheting behaviour. Oxidative and mild wear mechanisms were identified, and wear debris composition and morphology were characterised. The outcomes from this research clarify the pivotal role that wear processes play within railway systems and the far-reaching environmental repercussions they entail. This exploration contributes to the ongoing optimisation of railway operations, offering valuable insights aimed at mitigating unavoidable pollution sources and strengthening sustainability efforts. By delving into the intricate dynamics of wear phenomena within wheel–rail material, this research paves the way for innovative solutions that not only enhance operational efficiency but also minimise the ecological footprint of railway transportation.
Zani et al. (Thu,) studied this question.