First Report of Nigrospora sphaerica Causing Leaf Spot on Rhododendron simsii in China

Rhododendron simsii (indoor azalea) is widely cultivated for its high ornamental value (Xu et al. 2021). In April to May 2023, a leaf spot disease occurred in a field study at the Baili Azalea Forest Area (27°12'N, 105°48'E), Guizhou Province, China. About 500 plants were investigated, and the results showed that the incidence of leaf spot was 20 ~ 30%. To study this disease, 10 plants showing severe symptoms were collected. Initially, the symptoms were round or irregularly shaped brown spots (1 to 10 mm). With time, the spots enlarged and merged. Symptomatic leaves were washed with sterile distilled water, and 5 × 5 mm pieces of the infected tissues were removed. After surface sterilization (30 s with 75% ethanol, 2 min with 3% NaOCl, then washed three times with sterilized distilled water), the leaf pieces were dried and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25℃ for 5 days. Fungal colonies developed from leaf tissues, and the germinated spores were transferred onto PDA for further purification and morphological observation. Three isolates (GUBJ23, GUBJ24, and GUBJ12) with similar morphology were obtained from five affected leaves. The representative strain GUBJ23 was selected for further study. On PDA the mycelium was initially white but with sporulation turned gray and then black. Black, single-celled conidia, spherical to sub-spherical, from 11.80 to 21.39 × 13.38 to 21.83 μm (n = 50) in diameter were borne singly on hyaline vesicles at the tips of conidiophores. These morphological characteristics were similar to those of Nigrospora sphaerica (Wang et al. 2017). To confirm the identification, primer pairs for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS5/ITS4), β-tubulin (TUB2) (Bt-2a/Bt-2b), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) (EF1-728F/EF1-986R), were used for PCR amplification of DNA from strain GUBJ23 (Carbone and Kohn 1999; Glass et al. 1995; White et al. 1990). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OR818025 (ITS), OR835150 (TUB2), and OR835147 (TEF1-α). BLAST searches of the sequences revealed 99.80% identity (503/504 bp) of the ITS sequence, 100.00% identity (395/395 bp) of the TUB2 sequence, and 100.00% identity of the TEF1-α sequence (241/241 bp) with N. sphaerica LC7294 (accessions KX985932, KY019602, and KY019397, respectively.) Based on a combined dataset of ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB2 sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method and confirmed that isolates GUBJ23, GUBJ24, and GUBJ12 were N. sphaerica (Wang et al. 2017). Leaves of three healthy R. simsii plants were spray-inoculated with a spore suspension (105 conidia/mL), and an additional three plants were sprayed with sterile water. These plants were incubated at 25℃ in 75% relative humidity. After 5 to 7 days of inoculation, 0.5 to 1.8 mm spots appeared on the leaves. At 10 to 14 days after inoculation, grayish brown, semicircular or irregular lesions appeared on the leaves, usually with a diameter of 0.8 to 3 mm. The symptoms were like symptoms seen on naturally infected leaves, while the control leaves remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and identified by morphological characterization and molecular analyses (ITS, TUB and TEF1-α), and the reisolated pathogen was identical to N. sphaerica. Thus completing Koch's postulates. According to previous research, N. sphaerica is a widely distributed phytopathogenic fungus that has a wide host range (Wang et al. 2017). This study is the first to identify N. sphaerica as the cause of leaf spot disease in R. simsii. Given the popularity of R. simsii as a pot plant and landscape shrub in Asia and othr regions, the occurrence of leaf spot disease seriously affects its ornamental and economic value. Therefore, it is crucial to establish and implement effective disease management practices to reduce impact of the disease.