Metagenomic insights into the response of soil microbial communities to pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum

Understanding the response of soil microbial communities to pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum is crucial for preventing bacterial wilt outbreaks. In this study, we investigated the soil physicochemical and microbial community to assess their impact on the pathogenic R. solanacearum through metagenomics. Our results revealed that certain archaeal taxa were the main contributors influencing the health of plants. Additionally, the presence of the pathogen showed a strong negative correlation with soil phosphorus levels, while soil phosphorus was significantly correlated with bacterial and archaeal communities. We found that the network of microbial interactions in healthy plant rhizosphere soils was more complex compared to diseased soils. The diseased soil network had more linkages, particularly related to the pathogen occurrence. Within the network, the family Comamonadaceae, specifically Ramlibacterₜataouinensis, was enriched in healthy samples and showed a significantly negative correlation with the pathogen. In terms of archaea, Halorubrum, Halorussusₕalophilus (family: Halobacteriaceae), and Natronomonasₚharaonis (family: Haloarculaceae) were enriched in healthy plant rhizosphere soils and showed negative correlations with R. solanacearum. These findings suggested that the presence of these archaea may potentially reduce the occurrence of bacterial wilt disease. On the other hand, Halostagnicolaₗarseniia and Haloterrigena ₛp. BND6 (family: Natrialbaceae) had higher relative abundance in diseased plants and exhibited significantly positive correlations with R. solanacearum, indicating their potential contribution to the pathogen’s occurrence. Moreover, we explored the possibility of functional gene sharing among the correlating bacterial pairs within the Molecular Ecological Network. Our analysis revealed 468 entries of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, emphasizing the significance of HGT in shaping the adaptive traits of plant-associated bacteria, particularly in relation to host colonization and pathogenicity. Overall, this work revealed key factors, patterns and response mechanisms underlying the rhizosphere soil microbial populations. The findings offer valuable guidance for effectively controlling soil-borne bacterial diseases and developing sustainable agriculture practices.