The efficacy and safety of tislelizumab combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin in the treatment of postoperative patients with muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Abstract Background A combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chemotherapy has demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy and safety in treating a variety of cancers, including urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, its efficacy and safety in patients with muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who are undergoing radical surgery remain uncertain. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the effectiveness and safety of tislelizumab combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (TGC) as a first-line postoperative adjuvant treatment in this population. Methods This single-center, real-world study retrospectively analyzed the data from 71 patients with muscle-invasive UTUC who had radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between November 1, 2020, and November 1, 2023. Among the 71 patients, 30 received adjuvant therapy of TGC within 90 days after RNU and 41 underwent surveillance. No patients receive preoperative neoadjuvant therapy. The TGC therapy group received adjuvant therapy every 3 weeks postoperatively until the first recurrence, first metastasis, or death due to any reason, whichever occurred first. The patients were followed up telephonically and through outpatient visits to record and evaluate their disease-free survival (DFS) and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Results This study assessed the DFS of 41 and 30 patients in the surveillance group and TGC therapy group, respectively. The median DFS of the surveillance group was 16.5 95% confidence interval (CI), 14.7–18.3 months, while the median DFS of the TGC group has not yet reached hazard ratio (HR) 0.367 (95% CI, 0.169–0.796); p = 0.008, with 21 patients still undergoing follow-up. Compared with the surveillance group, the TGC therapy group had dramatically improved DFS after RNU and reduced risk by 63.3%. Of the 30 patients receiving combination therapy, 28 experienced TRAEs; all TRAEs were consistent with the frequently reported events in the chemotherapy-alone regimens, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion This study demonstrates that TGC therapy exhibits excellent clinical efficacy in patients undergoing radical surgery, significantly improving DFS and displaying great safety.