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The large-scale penetration of electric vehicles (EV) in road transport brings a challenging task to ensure the balance between supply and demand from urban districts. EVs, being shiftable loads can provide system flexibility. This work investigates the potential role of smart charging of EVs in mitigating the impact of the integration of a mix of residential and public EV charging infrastructure on power networks. Furthermore, the impact of integrating solar photo-voltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) has been explored where BESS improves PV self-consumption and helps in peak shaving during peak load hours. Annual losses, transformer congestion, and cost of electricity import assessment are detailed by considering the power network of Stockholm as a case study. Smart charging with loss-optimal and cost-optimal charging strategies are compared to uncoordinated charging. The cost-optimal charging strategy is more favorable as compared to the loss-optimal charging strategy as it provides more incentives to the DSOs. The loss-optimal charging strategy reduces 35.5%of losses in the network can be reduced while the cost-optimal solution provides a 4.3% reduction in the electricity cost. The combined implementation of smart charging, PV, and BESS considerably improves energy and economic performance and is more effective than EV smart charging alone.
Khalid et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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