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This is a Quantitative Study study.

October 16, 2025Open Access

Searching for True Muonium in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Key Points

The effective cross sections obtained are 1.23 μb for AuAu collisions and 14.2 μb for PbPb collisions.
A yield estimate of approximately 10,000 true muonium per billion AA collisions at RHIC and about 100,000 at the LHC supports detection efforts.
Using a relativistic Boltzmann transport framework allows for more accurate hydrodynamic simulations of the quark-gluon plasma.
This method highlights the viability of heavy-ion collisions as a process for detecting elusive particles like true muonium.

Abstract

We investigate the production of the as-yet-undetected true muonium within the quark-gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, employing a relativistic Boltzmann transport framework coupled to viscous hydrodynamic simulations. The obtained effective cross sections for central collisions are 1. 23~ b in AuAu collisions with s ₍₍=200~GeV and 14. 2~ b in PbPb collisions with s ₍₍=5. 02~TeV, resulting in a yield of O (10⁴) and O (10⁵) true muonium per billion AA collisions at RHIC and the LHC, respectively. This establishes heavy-ion collisions as a promising process for detecting true muonium.

Searching for True Muonium in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Key Points

Abstract

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