Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a transformative technology with applications in critical and often inaccessible environments, including military and security domains. These networks comprise cooperative sensor nodes that gather and relay data to a base station. However, their inherent resource constraints—particularly the non-rechargeable nature of energy—pose a major challenge to network longevity and reliability. Conventional fixed-path transmission protocols exacerbate this issue, as energy-depleted or jammed nodes can disrupt communication, leading to partial or complete data loss. The primary objective of this study is to design and evaluate a structure-free transmission protocol that dynamically adapts data routing in order to optimize energy utilization and enhance resilience against jamming attacks. To achieve this, our study examines the impact of four distinct jammer types—Constant, Deceptive, Random, and Reactive—on key performance indicators, including energy consumption, signal-to-jamming ratio, and data rate. Simulation results reveal that jamming increases the number of transmission levels by up to 55%, with Deceptive Jammers generating the fewest and Constant Jammers the most. Energy consumption rises by as much as 62% under jamming, with Random Jammers causing the highest drain. Moreover, data rates increase by approximately 37% in the presence of jamming. These findings highlight the proposed protocol’s effectiveness in mitigating jamming effects while preserving network energy, offering a robust solution for WSNs deployed in hostile or high-risk environments.
Al-Husseini et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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