Superconductivity is a Delphic quantum phenomenon whereby certain materials, below a critical transition temperature, remarkably exhibit no electrical resistance. It remains imperfectly understood. The Bardeen-Cooper-Schreifer (BCS) theory, characterised by travelling electron Cooper pairs, explains the function of conventional superconductors but not that of unconventional superconductors, which continue to pose a conundrum. Neither can BCS account for Type II superconductivity whereby a sufficiently strong magnetic field can penetrate a superconductor, creating circuitry cyclones or vortices. Further the origins of High Temperature superconduction remain unelucidated; being beyond the explicative apses of BCS. Herein these outstanding phenomena are explained. It is posited that unconventional superconductivity is contingent upon delocalised electrons. There is “electron dysphoria”, where there is no clear atomic electron ownership, neither is there a definitive point where one electron ends and the second begins. This is analogous to the electron “nebula” of the benzene 6 carbon ring, where classically there are 3 single and 3 double bonds. However on measurement all bonds are of equal length. All carbons share all π electrons equally in a plane above the carbon ring. Thus unconventional superconductivity operates via Shared Adiabatic Delocalised Shared Electron Transfer (ADSET). This condensate supplants the Cooper pair paradigm. This also accounts for high dielectric constant, indicative of high polarisability, of unconventional organic and cuprate superconductors. We discuss the quantum syphon paradigm for the initiation of current.To achieve unconventional superconduction a laminar structure is often required, with delocalised electrons in the plain above or in-between lamina. This is observed in the cuprates and nickelates. Also organo-metallic superconductors have been described which are critically contingent upon the benzene motif for function. This lamina bauplan accounts for anisotropy observed in this mode of superconduction. Superconductivity is only observed in the plain parallel to the delocalised electrons. Further given that many already exist in a state of electron delocalisation at ambient temperatures, superconductive phenomena can be achieved at higher temperatures compared to conventional superconductors. This explains the pre-eminence of unconventional superconduction amongst high-temperature superconduction. In addition, the tessellating polyhedral units, that create the planar structures, account for the partial penetration of magnetic fields seen with the latter. In such instances the current circulates around each structural unit as it would in a single benzene ring. An examination of the gamut of materials exhibiting Type II superconduction points to the possibility that unconventional and conductional superconductors may not be mutually exclusive. Some may exhibit both modes of superconductivity dependent upon the milieux and anisotropy.A similar formula may account for the superconductivity of twisted bilayer Graphene. Graphene comprises a carbon mono-layer laminated between delocalised π orbital of electrons. Twisting creates a variegated probability cloud thus potentially mimicking a Daedalian Thouless pump that effect adiabatic church transfer. Tellingly twisting parallel sheets of graphene creates a quantised charge.This also accounts for the behaviours of Strange metals in particular their characteristic ability display of linear increases in resistivity with increasing temperature above the critical temperature. The quadratic relationship seen in Normal metals is attributed to electron-electron scattering. Given this does not and cannot occur with delocalised electrons only a linear relationship is observed in metals exploiting delocalised electron migration in conduction.Within our unconventional superconduction paradigm an electron cannot be said to move but rather already exists in the putative space that the potential difference takes it. Nature may have exploited this principle in energy generation by chemiosmosis. Classically this process relies upon the serendipitous encounter of a few rare protons with ATP synthase enzyme, secluded in crypts of subcellular mitochondria. However, protons in water, due to hydrogen bonding and the Nuclear Quantum Effects of the diminutive proton, can be delocalised. Hence the distinction between hydrogen ion and hydrogen atom of water molecule is blurred. Thus proton does not move from one location to the next but is already juxtaposed to the ATP synthase molecule, in the guise of the water hydrogen atom in closest proximity to enzyme. Hence nature exploits 307K, body temperature, superconductivity while we, in the scientific community, continue to muse on the mechanism of 77K unconventional superconduction and entertain oneiric fantasies of room temperature superconduction. However this epiphany, described herein, promises the real prospect of room temperature superconduction.
Chika Edward Uzoigwe (Wed,) studied this question.