Understanding governance challenges and policy solutions for building resilient WASH systems in Pakistan in the wake of climate change

Abstract Pakistan faces unprecedented challenges in its Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector due to the impacts of climate change, ranking 8th globally in climate risk and 14th in water stress. This paper examines governance challenges and policy solutions for developing climate-resilient WASH systems in Pakistan through analysis of multi-stakeholder policy dialogues conducted at national and provincial levels. Key vulnerabilities include fragmented governance structures following constitutional devolution, heavy reliance on donor funding (68% of sector financing), and inadequate climate-resilient infrastructure planning. The 2022 floods destroyed 50% of water systems in Sindh province, highlighting critical infrastructure vulnerabilities. Through thematic analysis of stakeholder perspectives, supported by national data we identify Pakistan-specific solutions including the establishment of a National WASH Coordination Authority, innovative domestic financing mechanisms, and scaling proven community-led models such as the Orangi Pilot Project. Integration of WASH with Infection Prevention and Control emerges as crucial for health system resilience. Climate-resilient WASH systems are essential for achieving Pakistan’s public health and sustainable development goals. Without coordinated governance reforms and sustained investment, Pakistan risks recurring humanitarian crises and compromised development outcomes. Our recommendations provide actionable pathways for transforming Pakistan’s WASH sector from vulnerability to resilience, with broader relevance for climate-vulnerable nations globally.