Modern Management of Gerd: Integrating Advanced Diagnostics and Interventional Therapies

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder with a significant global burden. Its multifactorial etiology is influenced by unmodifiable risk factors such as sex-based differences; men, for instance, show a higher predisposition for more severe complications like esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERDs pathophysiology is heavily connected with mechanical failure of the anti-reflux barrier, a two-component system that consists of the intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the extrinsic crural diaphragm. Interference in the form of hiatal hernia, hypotensive LES pressure or transient LES relaxations leads to reflux. Modern approach highlights the critical role of microscopic mucosal damage, which causes visceral hypersensitivity and allows the distinction of various phenotypes like non-erosive reflux disease and reflux hipersensitivity. Diagnosis is guided by the Lyon Consensus 2.0 using endoscopy, manometry, and impedance-pH monitoring. Treatment is a multi-step process – it includes lifestyle modification, numerous pharmacological agents such as proton pump inhibitors or newer potassium-competitive acid blockers, and, for refractory cases, interventional treatment via laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, transoral incisionless fundoplication or magnetic sphincter augmentation.