ABSTRACT According to 4E cognitive science, our cognitive capacities depend on, and have been transformed by, the environments we have made. Most early works of 4E cognitive science tend to focus on the upside of agent–environment interactions: They have made us smarter and allowed us to do more, despite the same, limited brain (and body) power. However, the recent critical turn focuses on the downsides of agent–environment interactions. Critical 4E cognitive science , as we call this emerging research program, adopts the 4E frameworks and concepts but with a critical lens: questioning its hidden assumptions and leveraging its theoretical resources for social criticism. In particular, we distinguish two kinds of normative critique that bring out the downsides of agent–environment interactions. Prudential critiques focus on how agent–environment interactions can shape an agent's cognition to undermine their own interests. Political critiques focus on how agent–environment interactions can shape an agent's cognition to contribute to the reinforcement and exacerbation of unjust social forces.
Liao et al. (Thu,) studied this question.