Structure-Borne Noise Prediction in Buildings Adjacent to Rail Lines Using the Combined FEM with Rayleigh Integral Approach

Urban rail transit development, while alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing transportation efficiency, has escalated the prevalence of structure-borne noise—particularly medium-low frequency noise from train operations. To overcome these challenges, a novel integrated vibration-acoustic model is proposed, synergistically combining the Finite Element Method for structural vibration simulation with the Rayleigh Integral Method for efficient acoustic radiation prediction. Systematic vibration and noise measurements were conducted in four distinct buildings adjacent to subway lines. The model's feasibility was rigorously validated through comparisons with field measurements, demonstrating robust predictive accuracy across 16–250 Hz for varied structural configurations. Key findings from parametric analyses reveal fundamental mechanisms: below 100 Hz, structure-borne noise is predominantly controlled by out-of-plane bending waves from floor slabs, attributed to higher radiation efficiency near fundamental modes; above 100 Hz, wall vibrations become the primary source due to bending wave dispersion and critical frequency effects. This integrated model provides novel insights and practical tools for noise-optimized architectural design and environmental management.