Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions on pain reduction among patients undergoing colonoscopy without anesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Key Points

• This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for pain management during colonoscopy procedures without anesthesia.
• Conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
• Analyzed various nonpharmacological interventions
• Employed network meta-analysis to compare outcomes
• Attention distraction techniques emerged as the most effective strategy for pain reduction
• Limited studies for some interventions may affect the reliability of findings
• Further research is recommended to establish more definitive conclusions