The primary energy supply in Indonesia is still dominated by fossil fuels, leading to a significant increase in CO2-eq emissions, particularly from the transportation and industrial sectors. The Indonesian government has implemented the B40 program (a blend of 40% biodiesel and 60% petroleum diesel) to mitigate CO2-eq emissions. This research aims to calculate the total CO2-eq emissions throughout the entire life cycle of B100 production based on the principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as specified in SNI ISO 14040:2016 and SNI ISO 14044:2017. The analysis compares the CO2-eq emissions of conventional diesel (B0) and B100. The results indicate that B100 has the potential to reduce particulate emissions by 40-60%, carbon monoxide (CO) by 10-50%, and hydrocarbons (HC) by 10-50% compared to B0. The CO2-eq emission factor for B0 was found to be 4,354.81 kg CO2-eq/kL, and for B100 it was 2,155.64 kg CO2-eq/kL. This demonstrates a significant reduction in emissions with the use of B100, resulting in a decrease of 2,199.17 kg CO2-eq/kL or 50.50% from B0. However, the study also highlights the environmental challenges associated with the expansion of oil palm plantations, including deforestation and land degradation, which contribute to CO2 emissions.
Sarfat et al. (Thu,) studied this question.